Which one of the following is not a biological role of water?
prevents deficiency diseases
dissolves biochemical compounds
provides a medium in which chemical reactions take place
involved in the hydrolysis of foodstuffs
prevents deficiency diseases
Which combination of the following substances is best to prevent rickets?
magnesium, phosphorus and carrots
phosphorus, calcium and fish liver oil
iron, calcium and liver
iodine, iron and oranges
phosphorus, calcium and fish liver oil
The diagram below is a schematic drawing, which means that the molecules represented may not resemble their actual chemical shape. Use the information provided in the diagram to answer the following questions:
What is the polymer A that is found in an animal cell?
What is the function of polymer A in the body?
What could polymer B be?
Glycogen.
Glycogen is an energy storage molecule.
Polymer B is starch.
The table below gives nutrients present in various dry seeds.
The following histogram shows the different amounts of nutrients found in one of the four seeds.
The chart shows the nutrients found in:
green peas
sunflower seeds
maize
peanuts
peanuts
The graph below illustrates that enzymes:
are pH-specific
catalyses a specific substrate
are denatured at high pH
are sensitive to low pH
are pH-specific
The following diagrams show the enzyme lock-and key method of action.
Label each of the letters.
A: substrate
B: enzyme
C: enzyme-substrate complex
D: enzyme
E: products
Explain briefly how you would test for glucose.
Cut or crush the food or substance to be tested to expose a large surface area for the reaction. Add water to make a liquid medium. Add a few drops of Benedict's solution (or Fehling's solution) and heat it over a Bunsen burner or in a water bath. Watch whether colour changes occur.
Study the graph below. The graph shows total protein (in grams) present in a 100 grams of different food items. Use the graph to answer questions below.
Name the two foods from which vegetarians would obtain the most protein.
Almonds and haricot beans
Which foods contains only \(\text{2}\%\) protein?
Runner beans and cabbage
Which food would be the best for a non-vegetarian person who is suffering from kwashiorkor and anaemia?
Liver and beef
Name and explain the process which proteins undergo when heated excessively.
Denaturing – the bonds holding the enzyme in the correct shape break down and the shape of the active site changes – the enzyme is no longer complementary to the substrate and can’t fit onto it, so it can’t catalyse the reaction.
Study the information in the following diagrams and the table below, for three different meals X, Y and Z.
Meals
Energy (in \(\text{kJ}\))
Vitamin C (in \(\text{mg}\))
Calcium (in \(\text{mg}\))
X
\(\text{2 900}\)
\(\text{25}\)
\(\text{70}\)
Y
2100
47
265
Z
\(\text{2 600}\)
40
170
Name three polysaccharide carbohydrates in meal X.
Starch, cellulose, glycogen (in the meat patty).
Giving one reason for each answer, which meal will:
provide the greatest source of energy?
be most suitable for the development of healthy bones and teeth?
be least suitable for people who are prone to scurvy?
Meal X, because it has the highest total amount of kilojoules (2900 kJ).According to the pie charts, the high energy content is due to its high lipid and carbohydrate content.
Meal Y, due to the calcium in the milk (265 mg according to the table).
Meal X, because it doesn’t have tomato, which is a source of Vitamin C - the other 2 meals have tomato. (It has the least amount of vitamin C (70g) according to the table).
Meal Z is relatively low in lipids (fat) yet high in energy content.
Which of the food components in Z provides the energy?
Brown bread and bitter beer
Which of the three meals can be regarded as the healthiest?
Give three reasons for your answer.
Meal Y.
It is the lowest in kilojoules, and therefore is unlikely to lead to weight gain.
It has an excellent ratio of carbohydrates: fat: protein.
It has the highest concentration of calcium, due to the milk, rather than beer or Coke, as in the other 2 meals.
It has lettuce, tomato and apple, which contain many vitamins, and result in it having the highest concentration of vitamin C.
It also has a wholewheat roll, which takes longer to break down to sugar than white bread or coke in the other meals.
The wholewheat roll and lettuce, tomato and apple contain cellulose, which acts as roughage.
Any other logical answer.
The following information (given in the table below) appeared on a box of breakfast cereal. Use this information in the table to assist you in answering the questions that follow.
How many servings does a person need to provide the RDA of energy?
\(\text{3,6}\) servings
(3125 / 875)
Which organic compounds are the most important energy providers?
Lipids and carbohydrates
How much energy do the vitamins in the cereal provide?
None – vitamins are not a source of energy.
What deficiency disease could result if a person does not obtain adequate amounts of vitamin B1?
Beri Beri
Explain the role of iron in the diet.
Iron is essential for the formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells. It is also part of the structure of some proteins.
Consider the RDA of energy (\(\text{3 125}\) \(\text{kJ}\)). Do you think this amount is realistic for your requirements? Explain your answer.
No. Young adults need more energy than \(\text{3 125}\) \(\text{kJ}\). According to the RDA, young adults need at least:
Carbohydrates: \(\text{230}\) \(\text{g}\) x 17 kJ/g = \(\text{3 910}\) \(\text{kJ}\)
Protein: approximately \(\text{50}\) \(\text{g}\) x 17 kJ/g = \(\text{850}\) \(\text{kJ}\)
Fat: \(\text{70}\) \(\text{g}\) x 38 kJ/g = \(\text{2 260}\) \(\text{kJ}\)
TOTAL: \(\text{7 020}\) \(\text{kJ}\)
The histograms below show the percentage of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water in eight types of foods.
From the information provided in the histograms above, name two types of food that:
Contain more than \(\text{25}\%\) of a nutrient that is involved in the formation of an insulating layer
Cheese and peanuts
Would best help to prevent kwashiorkor
Cheese and chicken
Will form only monosaccharides and amino acids after digestion
Potato and beans
Are not involved in the formation of cell membranes
Apples and sugar
Contain more than \(\text{50}\%\) of a nutrient which is the primary source of energy
Sugar and bread
The diagram shows the apparatus used in various organic food tests. Study it and answer the questions that follow:
Name the nutrients tested for in each of the experiments numbered A, B, C and D.
A:Fat/ lipids
B:Glucose or reducing sugar
C:Protein
D:Starch
Identify the chemicals numbered 1, 2 and 3.
1: ethanol
2: Copper sulfate
3: NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
State the colour change for a positive reaction in each of the test tubes used in the experiments numbered B, C and D.
B: blue to brick red.
C: blue to lilac through rose pink.
D: brown/ orange to purple/ black.
Identify each of the compounds A, B and C. In each case give a reason for your answer.
Which compound (A, B or C)
serves as a main source of energy in cellular respiration
is most likely to form part of an enzyme
B
C
The figure below shows the differences between the upper and lower basin of a water body.
What has caused the key differences between the upper and lower basin?
What could have been added to the water in the lower basin to cause it to look milky-green?
The lower basin has undergone eutrophication.
Fertilizers may have been added to the lower basin, causing it to turn milky-green from eutrophication .
